Abstract
Title: Questioning the Canonisation of the Variant Readings of the Qurʾān: Remarks on the Integral Memorisation of the Qurʾān and on the Criteria Used to Select the Qurrāʾ
The question of the transmission and memorisation of the Qurʾān has been problematic since the beginnings of Islam. The Muslim sources are contradictory about the biographies of the Companions having memorised the Qurʾān in its entirety. Although Muslim doxa holds that the transmission of variant readings (qirāʾāt) of the Qurʾān is faithful to the prophetic teaching, the study of these sources shows that, had the nomenclature of the ḥadīṯ been applied to the transmission of variants of the Qurʾān, the latter would have been invalidated. It highlights the paradox between the transmission of the Qurʾān and that of the ḥadīṯ, a paradox which lies in the way of evaluating the transmitters of qirāʾāt as compared to those of the ḥadīṯ. Indeed, it does not suffice to be disqualified in terms of ḥadīṯ transmission to be disqualified ipso facto in terms of qirāʾāt transmission. Finally, this study discusses the selection of qurrāʾ in Ibn Muǧāhid’s works, which, based more on political criteria than on the reliability of the qurrāʾ, favored supporters of the cause of ʿUṯmān over those of the cause of ʿAlī. Thus, the conflict over the succession to the Prophet affected the selection of the qurrāʾ in Baghdad in the 10th century.
Keywords: Qurʾān, variant readings (qirāʾāt), qurrāʾ, transmission, ḥadīṯ, Ibn Muǧāhid, Ibn al-Ǧazarī.