Abstract:
Title: “Courtesan”, “prostitute”, “mistress”, “female companion”: can the term Hetaira be translated?
The translation of the noun ἑταίρα, whose original meaning is ‘female companion’ or ‘female friend’, varies enormously. There are more than a dozen French translations of the term, which is often automatically translated as ‘courtesan’, in addition to the use of the transliteration hetaira or the adaptation of the French word, hétaïre. If we take a look outside of academic usage, we can find other terms similar to ‘girlfriend’: copine, petite amie, chérie, etc. However, none of these solutions is satisfactory, nor does it reflect the wealth of uses of the word in the source literature. The aim here is to identify the most commonly-used terms and to examine their relevance in the light of the Greek sources and their context. While it is usually necessary to go beyond transliteration, especially at a time when ancient texts are being read less and less in their original language, there is a risk of failing to grasp the nuances needed to understand the concept, and sometimes tending towards caricature.
Keywords: Athens, translation, hetaira, courtesan, prostitution, citizenship.