Abstract
The epigraphic and iconographical data from Palmyra shed light on the roles of women in the religious life. This article presents the evidence using the concept of gender, understood as a cultural and a linguistic construct. The grammar of the Aramaic dedications indicates the gender of the divinities and of their worshippers. We study the gods, uniquely masculine, to whom women address their prayers. We take a look at the presentation of women in the inscriptions, who often give their family affiliations, such as: daughters, wives, sisters, while men present themselves as sons, fathers, brothers, husbands and uncles. In the end, we raise the question of priestesses, because sources remain mute about such a cultic function. In this context, we may wonder whether some of the so-called tribes could not rather be cultic associations mentioning their female members (bnt). The iconographic sources from the temples of Bel and of Allat show a strange depiction of entirely veiled women attending festivals: is it possible to associate them to priestesshood?
Keywords: Palmyra, epigraphy, iconography, Aramaic, Roman Near East, history of religions, gender.